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The relationship between these changes is the subject of ongoing debate. The most significant of these adaptations are bipedalism, increased brain size, lengthened ontogeny (gestation and infancy), and decreased sexual dimorphism. Environmental (cultural) evolution discovered much later during the Pleistocene played a significant role in human evolution observed via human transitions between subsistence systems. Human evolution from its first separation from the last common ancestor of humans and chimpanzees is characterized by a number of morphological, developmental, physiological, behavioral, and environmental changes. The hominoids are descendants of a common ancestor 4.2 Divergence of the human clade from other great apes.Anatomically modern humans appeared in Africa approximately 300,000 years ago. Within the superfamily Hominoidea, the family Hominidae (great apes) diverged from the family Hylobatidae (gibbons) some 15–20 million years ago subfamily Homininae (African apes) diverged from Ponginae ( orangutans ) about 14 million years ago the tribe Hominini (including humans, Australopithecus, and chimpanzees) parted from the tribe Gorillini ( gorillas) between 8–9 million years ago and, in turn, the subtribes Hominina (humans and extinct biped ancestors) and Panina ( chimpanzees) separated 4–7 million years ago.

Genetic studies show that primates diverged from other mammals about 85 million years ago, in the Late Cretaceous period, and the earliest fossils appear in the Paleocene, around 55 million years ago. The study of human evolution involves several scientific disciplines, including physical anthropology, evolutionary anthropology, primatology, archaeology, paleontology, neurobiology, ethology, linguistics, evolutionary psychology, embryology and genetics.

This process involved the gradual development of traits such as human bipedalism and language, as well as interbreeding with other hominins, which indicate that human evolution was not linear but a web. Human evolution is the evolutionary process within the history of primates that led to the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct species of the hominid family, which includes the great apes.